The preparation of ceramide conjugates and derivatives of sphingolipid analogues

ABSTRACT

The preparation of water dispersible ceramide conjugates and derivatives of sphingolipid analogues is described. The conjugates and analogues are prepared by reacting a succinimidyl carbonate of a β-Ala derivative with the primary amine of a functionalised spacer. Despite their dispersibility in water, the ceramide conjugates and derivatives of sphingolipid analogues spontaneously incorporate into the plasma membranes of cells.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to biomimetic ceramide conjugates and derivatives of 2-(tetradecyl)hexadecanyl and its homologues. The functionalised conjugates and derivatives are dispersible in water yet spontaneously incorporate into the plasma membranes of cells.

BACKGROUND ART

Sphingolipids are a group of acyl lipids based on the C₁₈ long chain amino alcohol sphingosine (D-erythro-2-amino-trans-4-octadecene-1,3-diol).

Sphingolipids are generally located in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The group includes both glycolipids and phospholipids.

Both the amino and the hydroxy groups of sphingosine may be substituted. Acylation of the amino group yields a ceramide with an amide bond that is resistant to alkaline hydrolysis. The simplest glycosphingolipids are the monoglycosyl ceramides or cerebrosides. Gangliosides contain one or more sialic acid residues linked to the sugar residues of a glycosphingolipid.

In vivo the de novo synthesis of ceramides begins with the condensation of palmitate and serine to form 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine. The product of this condensation is then reduced to dihydrosphingosine followed by acylation to form the amide bond containing dihydroceramide. Desaturation of this intermediate yields ceramide.

In addition to their structural role sphingolipids, such as ceramide, can participate in cellular signalling regulating differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy of cells. The synthesis of glycosphingolipid analogues comprising a 2-branched fatty alkyl residue in place of ceramide is well established. The non-structural activities of some of these glycosphingolipid analogues have also been identified.

The publication of Choi et al (1996) discloses the preparation of polyethylene glycol modified ceramide lipids. The lipids are used to form liposomes that may contain anti-cancer agents.

The publication of Galili (2010) discloses that an intratumoural injection of glycosphingolipids with α-Gal epitope results in tumour regression and/or destruction. Binding of the natural anti-Gal antibody to de novo expressed tumoural α-Gal epitopes induces inflammation and activation of tumour specific T cells.

The publications of Hasegawa et al (1995), Ohmoto et al (1996) and Wada et al (1996) disclose the preparation and evaluation as selectin blockers of a range of sialyl Lewis X analogues. Glycosylation of 2-tetradecylhexadecan-1-ol yielded a more potent selectin blocker with broad inhibitory activities towards E-, P- and L-selectins. The conjugate was presented as a potential therapeutic for inflammatory disorders.

The publication of Kiso and Hideharu (2003) discloses carboxymethylgalactose derivatives including derivatives where the carboxymethylgalactose moiety is conjugated directly or indirectly (via a disaccharide) to 2-(tetradecyl)-1-hexadecanol. The derivatives are asserted to be useful in treating and preventing various selectin-related diseases such as inflammations and cancerous metastasis.

The publication of Fuse et al (2006) discloses the synthesis of GM to analogues in which the GM to epitope is coupled to a variety of 2-(tetradecyl)hexadecanyl glycosides. The analogues were synthesized in the context of investigations into the susceptibility of the GM to ganglioside to enzymatic hydrolysis.

The publication of Hada et al (2007) discloses synthetic analogues of a novel glycosphingolipid isolated from the marine sponge Aplysilla rex. A glycolipid analogue carrying a 2-branched fatty alkyl residue in place of ceramide was synthesized. Among a range of glycolipid analogues that were synthesized this analogue showed the most potent nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activity against LPS-activated J774.1.

The publication of Yoon et al (2007) discloses the synthesis of ceramide mimetic conjugates where N-linked oligosaccharides are conjugated to “aminoceramide” (2-(tetradecyl)hexadecamine). The conjugates were synthesized in the context of investigations into self-recognition attributed to carbohydrate-to-carbohydrate interactions (CCI) and autoaggregation of cells. For these investigations the ceramide mimetic conjugates were found to bind more strongly than phosphatidylethanolamine conjugates to polystyrene plates when incorporated into liposomes.

The publication of Compton et al (2014) discloses derivatives of glycan sphingolipids. The publication discloses findings that in the synthesis of α-galactosyl ceramide the hydrogenolytic deprotection of a specified compound with Pd(OH)₂ leads to the isolation of significant quantities of an amine by-product designated CN089. It is asserted that derivatives of the amine by-product where O to N acyl migration is blocked may be useful products.

The publication of Anderson et al (2015) discloses peptidylated aminoglycan ceramides for use in the targeting in vivo of the CD1 protein of natural killer T-cells (NKT cells). These compounds are provided with a self-immoliative linker group between the peptidyl moiety and the aminoglycan ceramide moiety. Examples of these compounds are asserted to induce an increased antigen-specific T-cell response as compared to admixed controls comprising α-galactosylceramide and peptide.

The publication of Anderson et al (2014b) discloses derivatives of glycan ceramides in which the glycan moiety is substituted with a sulfide, thiol, disulfide, sulfoxide or sulfone. The derivatives are prepared via glycosylation of phytosphingosine to provide α-galactosylceramide analogue intermediates.

The publication of Anderson et al (2014a) discloses peptidylated glycan sphingolipids for use in the targeting in vivo of the CD1 protein of natural killer T-cells (NKT cells). These compounds are provided with a self-immoliative linker group between the peptidyl moiety and the amino function of the glycan sphingolipid.

The possibility to enhance further the biological activity of glycosphingolipid analogues, including ceramide conjugates, and improve their suitability for use as therapeutic agents through structural modification remains.

It is an object of the present invention to provide water dispersible ceramide conjugates and 2-branched fatty alkyl derivatives useful in the development of such therapeutic agents or the formulation of such agents. This object is to be read in the alternative with the object at least to provide a useful choice.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

In a first aspect the invention provides a ceramide conjugate of the structure:

where F is H or comprises a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R is selected from the group consisting of C₁₄₋₁₈ alkyl or alkenyl.

Preferably, F is selected from the group consisting of:

where q is the integer 2, 3 or 4, r is the integer 3, 4 or 5 and Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond.

Preferably, n and p are each the integer 2 and R is hexadecyl.

Preferably, Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide selected from the group consisting of: (Neu5Acα6Galβ4GlcNAcβ2Manα)₂3,6 Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAcβ(YDS); Fucα2Galβ (H_(di)); Fucα2Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Le^(b)); Fucα2Galβ3GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ (LNFP I); Fucα2Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Le^(y)); Fucα2Galβ4GlcNAcβ(H2); Galα; Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ (B_(tri)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Ble^(b)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcα (B3); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcβ (B4); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GlcNAcβ (B1); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Ble^(y)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ4GlcNAcβ (B2); Galα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Galili); Galα4Galβ4GlcNAcβ (P₁); Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (Gb3 (P^(k))); Galα4GlcNAcβ(α-LN); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ(A_(tri)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (ALe^(b)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcα (A3); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcβ (A4); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GlcNAcβ (A1); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (ALe^(y)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ4GlcNAcβ (A2); GalNAcα3GalNAcβ(Fs2); GalNAcα3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (Fs5); GalNAcα3Galβ(A_(di)); GalNAcβ; GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (P); GalNH₂α3(Fucα2)Galβ(AcqB); Galβ; Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Le^(a)); Galβ3GalNAcα (TF); Galβ3GalNAcβ4Galβ4Glcβ (GA1); Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Le^(x)); Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ (i(LN₂)); Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ (LNnT); Galβ4Glcβ (Lac); GlcAβ3[GlcNAcβ4GlcAβ3]_(n)GlcNAc-aminoalditol (hyaluronate); Manα6(Manα3)Manβ (Man₃); Neu5Acα3Galβ4GlcNAc β (Neu5Ac3′LN); Neu5Acα3Galβ4Glcβ (Neu5Ac3′Lac); Neu5Acα6GalNAcαβ (SiaTn); Neu5Acα6Galβ4GlcNAcβ (Neu5Ac6′LN); and Neu5Gcα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ (Neu5Gc3′LN).

In a first embodiment of the first aspect of the invention F comprises biotin as the functional moiety and the ceramide conjugate is of the structure:

In a second embodiment of the first aspect of the invention F comprises the trisaccharide Galα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ- as the functional moiety and the ceramide conjugate is of the structure:

where Glyc is of the structure:

In a second aspect the invention provides a method of preparing an intermediate of the structure:

comprising the step of reacting 2-N₃,3-Bzl-spingosine-β-Ala-ONSu, or a homologue thereof, of the structure:

with an amine of the structure:

where F is a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R is selected from the group consisting of C₁₁₋₁₅ alkyl or alkenyl.

In a third aspect the invention provides a method of preparing a ceramide conjugate comprising the step of N-acylation of a 1-carbamate derivative of 2-amino-4-octadecen-3-ol with an activated fatty acid.

Preferably, the fatty acid is stearic acid. Preferably, the activated fatty acid is the N-oxysuccinimide ester of the fatty acid. Preferably, the activated fatty acid is the N-oxysuccinimide ester of stearic acid.

Preferably, the 1-carbamate derivative of 2-amino-4-octadecen-3-ol is of the structure:

where F is H or comprises a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3.

Preferably, F is selected from the group consisting of:

where q is the integer 2, 3 or 4, r is the integer 3, 4 or 5 and Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond.

Preferably, n and p are each the integer 2 and R is hexadecyl.

Preferably, Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide selected from the group consisting of: (Neu5Acα6Galβ4GlcNAcβ2Manα)₂3,6 Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAcβ (YDS); Fucα2Galβ (H_(di)); Fucα2Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Le^(b)); Fucα2Galβ3GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ (LNFP I); Fucα2Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Le^(y)); Fucα2Galβ4GlcNAcβ(H2); Galα; Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ (B_(tri)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Ble^(b)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcα (B3); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcβ (B4); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GlcNAcβ (B1); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Ble^(y)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ4GlcNAcβ (B2); Galα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Galili); Galα4Galβ4GlcNAcβ (P₁); Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (Gb3 (P^(k))); Galα4GlcNAcβ(α-LN); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ(A_(tri)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (ALe^(b)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcα (A3); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcβ (A4); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GlcNAcβ (A1); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (ALe^(y)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ4GlcNAcβ (A2); GalNAcα3GalNAcβ(Fs2); GalNAcα3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (Fs5); GalNAcα3Galβ(Add; GalNAcβ; GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (P); GalNH₂α3(Fucα2)Galβ(AcqB); Galβ; Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Le^(a)); Galβ3GalNAcα (TF); Galβ3GalNAcβ4Galβ4Glcβ (GA1); Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Le^(x)); Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ(i(LN₂)); Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ (LNnT); Galβ4Glcβ (Lac); GlcAβ3[GlcNAcβ4GlcAβ3]_(n)GlcNAc-aminoalditol (hyaluronate); Manα6(Manα3)Manβ (Man₃); Neu5Acα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Neu5Ac3′LN); Neu5Acα3Galβ4Glcβ (Neu5Ac3′Lac); Neu5Acα6GalNAcαβ (SiaTn); Neu5Acα6Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Neu5Ac6′LN); and Neu5Gcα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Neu5Gc3′LN).

In a fourth aspect the invention provides a 2-branched fatty alkyl derivative of the structure:

where M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₁₋₁₅ alkyl.

In a fifth aspect the invention provides a water dispersible conjugate of the structure:

where F comprises a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R₁ and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₁₋₁₅ alkyl.

Preferably, F is selected from the group consisting of:

where q is the integer 2, 3 or 4, r is the integer 3, 4 or 5 and Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond.

Preferably, Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide selected from the group consisting of: (Neu5Acα6Galβ4GlcNAcβ2Manα)₂3, 6 Manβ4GlcNAcβ4GlcNAcβ (YDS); Fucα2Galβ (H_(di)); Fucα2Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Le^(b)); Fucα2Galβ3GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ (LNFP I); Fucα2Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Le^(y)); Fucα2Galβ4GlcNAcβ (H2); Galα; Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ (B_(tri)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Ble^(b)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcα (B3); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcβ (B4); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GlcNAcβ (B1); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Ble^(y)); Galα3(Fucα2)Galβ4GlcNAcβ (B2); Galα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ (Galili); Galα4Galβ4GlcNAcβ (P₁); Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (Gb3 (P^(k))); Galα4GlcNAcβ (α-LN); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ(A_(tri)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (ALe^(b)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcα (A3); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GalNAcβ (A4); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ3GlcNAcβ (A1); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (ALe^(y)); GalNAcα3(Fucα2)Galβ4GlcNAcβ (A2); GalNAcα3GalNAcβ (Fs2); GalNAcα3GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (Fs5); GalNAcα3Galβ(A_(di)); GalNAcβ; GalNAcβ3Galα4Galβ4Glcβ (P); GalNH₂α3(Fucα2)Galβ(AcqB); Galβ; Galβ3(Fucα4)GlcNAcβ (Le^(a)); Galβ3GalNAcα (TF); Galβ3GalNAcβ4Galβ4Glcβ (GA1); Galβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAcβ (Le^(x)); Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAcβ (i(LN₂)); Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glcβ (LNnT); Galβ4Glcβ (Lac); GlcAβ3[GlcNAcβ4GlcAβ3]_(n)GlcNAc-aminoalditol (hyaluronate); Manα6(Manα3)Manβ (Man₃); Neu5Acα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Neu5Ac3′LN); Neu5Acα3Galβ4Glcβ (Neu5Ac3′Lac); Neu5Acα6GalNAcαβ (SiaTn); Neu5Acα6Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Neu5Ac6′LN); and Neu5Gcα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ(Neu5Gc3′LN).

In a first embodiment of the fifth aspect of the invention F comprises biotin as the functional moiety and the water dispersible conjugate is of the structure:

In a second embodiment of the fifth aspect of the invention F comprises the trisaccharide Galα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ- as the functional moiety and the ceramide conjugate is of the structure:

where Glyc is of the structure:

In the description and claims of this specification the following acronyms, terms and phrases have the meaning provided: “β-Ala” means 3-aminopropanoic acid; “Ad” means adipate; “alkane” means a saturated, unbranched hydrocarbon of the general formula C_(n)H_(2n+2); “alkene” means an unsaturated alkane that contains one or more double carbon-carbon bonds; “alkenyl” means a group obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkene; “alkyl” means a group obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane; “Bzl” means benzoyl; “carbamate derivative” means an organic compound of the structure R₁NHC(O)OR₂ where R₁ and R2 are substituents and “1-carbamate derivative” means a carbamate derivative at the first carbon of the substituent R₂; “comprising” means “including”, “containing” or “characterized by” and does not exclude any additional element, ingredient or step; “consisting of” means excluding any element, ingredient or step not specified except for impurities and other incidentals; “consisting essentially of” means excluding any element, ingredient or step that is a material limitation; “dispersible in water” means dispersible in pure, deionised water at 25° C. in the absence of organic solvents or surfactants to provide a dispersion at a concentration of at least 1 μmol/mL and “water dispersible” has a corresponding meaning; “DOPE” means 1,2-O-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine; “DSC” means N,N′-disuccinimdyl carbonate; “ONSu” means N-succinimidyl ester; “N₃” means azide and “monovalent cation” means an ion having a single positive charge and includes the monovalent cations H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ or (CH₃CH₂)₃N⁺. The terms “analog” and “analogue” and “homolog” and “homologue” are alternative spellings of the same words.

The terms “first”, “second”, “third”, etc. used with reference to elements, features or integers of the subject matter defined in the Statement of Invention and Claims, or when used with reference to alternative embodiments of the invention are not intended to imply an order of preference.

Where concentrations or ratios of reagents are specified the concentration or ratio specified is the initial concentration or ratio of the reagents. Where values are expressed to one or more decimal places standard rounding applies. For example, 1.7 encompasses the range 1.650 recurring to 1.749 recurring.

In the representations of the structures or substructures of compounds the repeat of a divalent radical is represented by:

where —X— is the divalent radical repeated n times. Where the divalent radical is methylene (—CH₂—) the repeat of this divalent radical is represented by:

The invention will now be described with reference to embodiments or examples and the figures of the accompanying drawings pages.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. ¹H NMR spectrum of the ceramide conjugate where the functional moiety is biotin (X) (3 mg/mL in [D₂]H₂O/[D₄]CH₃OH 2:1, 30° C., 700 MHz).

FIG. 2. MALDI TOF mass-spectrum of the ceramide conjugate where the functional moiety is biotin (X) (C₈₄H₂₄₀N₂₈O₂₂S, MW isotopic 1865). 1866: M+H; 1888: M+Na; 1904: M+K; 1910: MNa+Na; 1926: MNa+K; 1932: MNa2+Na; 1948: MNa2+K; 1954: MNa3+Na; 1970: MNa3+K; 1976: MNa4+Na. Instrument: FLEX-PC, DHB matrix.

FIG. 3. Fluorescently labelled red blood blood cells modified by incorporation of the construct designated biotin-CMG(2)-Ad-DOPE from the publication of Bovin et al (2009) (A) or the ceramide conjugate where the functional moiety is biotin (X)(B).

FIG. 4. ¹H NMR spectrum of the sphingolipid analogue where the functional moiety is biotin (VI) (4 mg/mL in [D₂]H₂O/[D₄]CH₃OH 1:1, 30° C., 700 MHz).

FIG. 5. MALDI TOF mass-spectrum of the sphingolipid analogue where the functional moiety is biotin (VI) (C₂₈H₂₃₂N₂₂O₂₃S, MW 1739). 1740: M+H; 1762; MNa+H; 1778: MK+H; 1784: MNa₂+H; 1800: MNaK+H; 1806: MNa₃+H; 1822: MKNa₂+H. Instrument: FLEX-PC, DHB matrix.

FIG. 6. Fluorescently labelled red blood blood cells modified by incorporation of the construct designated biotin-CMG(2)-Ad-DOPE from the publication of Bovin et al (2009) (A) or the sphingolipid analogue where the functional moiety is biotin (VI)(B).

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

As stated in the publications of Anderson et al (2014a, 2014b and 2015) and Compton et al (2014), although α-galactosyl ceramide has considerable biological activity, it does have limitations such as poor solubility. The disclosures of these publications are directed to providing compounds with improved in vivo efficacy as mediated by improved targeting of the CD1 protein of NKT cells. These studies are to be distinguished from the present invention where it has been sought to provide ceramide conjugates and sphingolipid analogues that have improved solubility but are functionally equivalent to their naturally occurring counterparts with regard to their ability to incorporate and become distributed in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. The invention resides at least in part in the use of a β-Ala derivative (IV or XIV) as an intermediate in the preparation of both the ceramide conjugates and the derivatives of sphingolipid analogues. The use of such intermediates was found to be necessary to provide a succinimidyl carbonate that would react with the amine (V or XV). For example, the intermediate (XII) was found to be reactive towards β-Ala, but not the amine (XV)

Chemistry

Ceramide Conjugates

Initial attempts to activate natural ceramide with DSC for the purposes of preparing ceramide conjugates were unsuccessful. The mixture of products obtained did not react with the amine (V). This was attributed to the formation of a cyclic carbonate of ceramide as opposed to the desired succinimidyl carbonate. It was concluded that natural ceramide was not suitable for direct conjugation via a cabamoyl linkage. The ceramide conjugates were therefore prepared via a 1-carbamate derivative of 2-amino-4-octadecen-3-ol with the ceramide moiety being formed by amidation of this intermediate. The preparation of a ceramide conjugate where the functional moiety is biotin has been prepared according to Scheme 1A-C. The amine (V) used in this scheme was prepared according to an adaptation of the method described in the publication of Bovin et al (2009). The ceramide conjugates prepared according to the described method have the advantageous property of being readily dispersible in water.

Preparation of a Ceramide Conjugate (X) Scheme 1A

To a stirred solution of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine (1)(102.7 mg, 0.239 mmol) in a mixture of dichloromethane (3 mL) and dimethylformamide (2 mL) DSC (122.5 mg, 0.478 mmol) and triethylamine (33.2 μL, 0.239 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 20 hours at ambient temperature before being evaporated in vacuum (oil pump). The residue was dissolved in chloroform and extracted three times with water (3×4 mL). The chloroform extract was evaporated and the residue was thoroughly dried in vacuum. The yield of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-ONSu (II) as a white solid was 130 mg (95%). TLC: 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine (I) R_(f) 0.42, 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-ONSu (II) R_(f) 0.32 (15:5:1 (v/v/v) hexane/chloroform/2-propanol).

To a stirred solution of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-ONSu (II) (130 mg, 0.227 mmol) in a mixture of dichloromethane (2 mL) and dimethylformamide (2 mL) a solution of β-Ala (40.5 mg, 0.405 mmol: 405 μL of solution 100 mg/mL β-Ala and 86 μL/mL trifluoroacetic acid in DMSO) and triethylamine (253 μL, 1.816 mmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 19 hours at ambient temperature before evaporating in vacuum (oil pump) and drying. The residue was extracted in a mixture of chloroform (4 mL), water (4 mL) and 2M hydrochloric acid (0.12 mL). The chloroform layer was washed twice with water (2×4 mL), evaporated and the residue was dried in vacuum. The crude material was purified on a silica gel column (volume circa 80 ml) in 15:5:1 (v/v/v) hexane/chloroform/2-propanol eluted with 15:5:1 (v/v/v) hexane/chloroform/2-propanol including 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid. Collected fractions were evaporated and the residue dissolved in chloroform. The solution of the residue was washed twice with water (2×3 mL), diluted with acetonitrile (3 mL) and evaporated. Thorough drying of the residue yielded 105.5 mg (85%) of pure 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala (III) as a colorless syrupy glass. TLC: R_(f) 0.12 (15:5:1 (v/v/v) hexane/chloroform/2-propanol); R_(f) 0.49 (4:1 (v/v) chloroform/2-propanol).

¹H NMR of 2-N₃, 3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala (III) (700 MHz, [D]CHCl₃/[D₄]CH₃OH 1:1, 30° C.): δ 8.210 (m, 2H; orto-H of Bzl), 7.766 (m, 1H; para-H of Bzl), 7.636 (m, 2H; meta-H of Bzl), 6.114 (m, 1H; ═CH), 5.754 (m, 2H; CH═ and ═C—CH—O), 4.383 (dd, J=11.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H; OCH), 4.274 (dd, J=11.4, 7.7 Hz, 1H; OCH′), 4.172 (m, 1H; CH—N₃), 3.565 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H; NCH₂ of β-Ala), 2.693 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H; CH₂CO of β-Ala), 2.260 (q, J=7.1, 7.1, 6.8 Hz, 2H; ═C—CH₂), 1.565 (m, 2H; ═C—C—CH₂), 1.440 (m, 20H; 10 CH₂), 1.043, (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H; CH₃) ppm.

Scheme 1B

To a stirred solution of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala (111)(40 mg, 73.4 μmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (1 mL) a solution of DSC (37.6 mg, 147 μmol: 470 μL of 80 mg/mL solution in dimethylformamide) and triethylamine (15.3 μL, 110 μmol) were added, and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was acidified with acetic acid (100 μL) and placed on a Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 90 mL) and eluted with 2:1 (v/v) chloroform/2-propanol including 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid. Fractions containing 2-N₃,3-Bzl-Sphingosine-β-Ala-ONSu (IV) were combined, evaporated and the residue dried in vacuum. The yield of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala-ONSu (IV) as a white solid was 42.4 mg (90%). TLC: R^(f) 0.56 (15:5:1 (v/v/v) hexane/chloroform/2-propanol).

To a stirred suspension of the biot-CMG(2) amine (V) (44 mg, 34.7 μmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (2 mL) a solution of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala-ONSu (IV) (24.5 mg, 38.1 micromole) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.49 mL), water (0.7 mL) and 1M aqueous sodium bicarbonate (34.7 μL) were added. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at ambient temperature before acidifying the reaction mixture with acetic acid (6 μL) and placing on a Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 130 mL) and eluting with 40:14:10:1 (v/v/v/v) water/methanol/2-propanol/chloroform. Fractions containing 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VI) were combined, evaporated, the residue dissolved in water (3 mL) and then freeze-dried. The yield of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VI) as a white solid was 56.7 mg (90% based on biot-CMG(2) amine (V)). TLC: R_(f) 0.64 (1:3:1 (v/v/v) dichloromethane/ethanol/water); R_(f) 0.40 (1:3:1 (v/v/v) dichoromethane/ethanol/water including 2% (v/v) acetic acid volume).

¹H NMR of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VI) (700 MHz, [D₂]H₂O/[D₄]CH₃OH 1:1, 30° C.): δ 8.035 (m, 2H; orto-H of Bzl), 7.653 (m, 1H; para-H of Bzl), 7.507 (m, 2H; meta-H of Bzl), 5.951 (m, 1H; ═CH), 5.602 (m, 2H; CH═ and ═C—CH—O), 4.581 (dd, J=7.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin), 4.396 (dd, J=7.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin), 4.333-3.899 (total 35H; 4 CH₂COO, 12 NCH₂CO, CH₂O, CH—N₃), 3.469-3.351 (m, 6H; NCH₂CH₂N and CH₂N of β-Ala), 3.289 (m, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.985 (dd, J=12.9, 4.8 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.761 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.554 (broad t, 2H; CH₂CO of β-Ala), 2.354 (m, 2H; COCH₂ of biotin), 2.086 (broad, 2H; ═C—CH₂), 1.756 (m, 1H; COCH₂CH₂CH₂CH of biotin), 1.677 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH ₂CH₂CH₂ of biotin), 1.593 (m, 1H; COCH₂CH₂CH₂CH of biotin), 1.462 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH₂CH ₂CH₂ of biotin), 1.353 (m, 2H; ═C—C—CH₂), 1.224 (m, 20H; 10 CH₂), 0.865 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H; CH₃) ppm.

MALDI TOF mass-spectrum of 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VI) (C₇₃H₁₀₈N₂₀O₂₇S, MW isotopic=1729). M/z 1704: M(−N₂+2H)+H; 1726: M(−N₂+2H)+Na; 1730: M+H; 1752; MNa+H; 1768: MK+H; 1774: MNa₂+H; 1790: MNaK+H. Instrument: FLEX-PC, DHB matrix.

To a stirred solution 2-N₃,3-Bzl-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VI) (49.1 mg, 27.01 μmol) in water (4.91 mL), methanol (9.82 mL) and triethylamine (0.737 mL) were added. The mixture was kept for 77 hours at ambient temperature before evaporating the reaction mixture and thoroughly drying the residue in vacuum and freeze drying. The 2-N₃-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VII) was used without purification. TLC: R_(f) 0.34 (1:3:1 (v/v/v) dichloromethane/ethanol/water including 2% (v/v) acetic acid).

¹H NMR of 2-N₃-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VII) (700 MHz, [D₂]H₂O/[D₄]CH₃OH 1:1, 30° C.): δ 5.812 (m, 1H; CH═), 5.518 (m, 1H; ═CH), 4.593 (dd, J=7.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin), 4.409 (dd, J=7.9, 4.5 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin), 4.272-3.934 (total 35H; 4 CH₂COO, 12 NCH₂CO, CH₂O, CH—N₃), 3.720 (m, 1H; ═C—CH—O), 3.459-3.352 (m, 6H; NCH₂CH₂N and CH₂N of β-Ala), 3.304 (m, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.998 (dd, J=12.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.769 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.557 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H; CH₂CO of β-Ala), 2.360 (m, 2H; COCH₂ of biotin), 2.095 (m, 2H; ═C—CH₂), 1.771 (m, 1H; COCH₂CH₂CH₂CH of biotin), 1.696 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH ₂CH₂CH₂ of biotin), 1.610 (m, 1H; COCH₂CH₂CH₂CH of biotin), 1.469 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH₂CH ₂CH₂ of biotin), 1.418 (m, 2H; ═C—C—CH₂), 1.281 (m, 20H; 10 CH₂), 0.898 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H; C₃) ppm.

Scheme 1C

To a stirred solution of the unpurified 2-N₃-sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VII) (27.01 μmol) in water (1.5 mL), methanol (4.5 mL), dithiothreitol (150 mg) and triethylamine (30 μL) were added. The mixture was stirred for 48 hours at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture evaporated to dryness. The residue vas dissolved in 2 ml of 2:1 (v/v) water/2-propanol, placed on a Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 90 mL) and eluted with 2:1 (v/v) water/2-propanol including 0.05 M Py-HOAc. Fractions containing sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VIII) were combined, evaporated and the residue dried in vacuum. The yield of sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VIII) as a white solid was 44.3 mg (89% based on 2-N₃,3-Bzl-Sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VII) if calculated as tripyridunium salt). TLC: R_(f) 0.29 (1:3:1 (v/v/v) dichloromethane/ethanol/water including 2% (v/v) acetic acid), ninhydrin-positive.

To a stirred solution of sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VIII) (44.3 mg, 24.1 μmol) in a mixture of water (2 mL) and 2-propanol (3 mL) 1 M aqueous sodium bicarbonate (160 μL) and a solution of N-oxysuccinimide ester of stearic acid (20.3 mg, 53 micromole) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.27 mL) were added, and the mixture stirred for 8 hours at ambient temperature. Additional portions of N-oxysuccinimide ester of stearic acid (20.3 mg, 53 μmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.27 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium bicarbonate (160 μL) were added and the mixture was stirred for 15 hours at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was acidified with acetic acid (18 μL), evaporated and the residue dried in vacuum. The reaction products were separated on a silica gel column (volume 75 mL) prepared in 4:1 (v/v) chloroform/methanol and eluted with 2:6:1 (v/v/v) chloroform/methanol/water. Chromatography was accompanied by self-oxidation

of the biotin group into biotin (S-oxide). Repeated (twice) separation of ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (X), ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide) (IX) and minor sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide) (oxidation of unreacted sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (VIII)) on a silica gel column (volume 75 mL) prepared in 4:1 (v/v) chloroform/methanol and eluted with 1:2:1 (v/v/v) dichloromethane/ethanol/water including 1% Py provided 20.5 mg (yield 45%) of pure freeze-dried ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide) (IX). TLC: ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (X) R_(f) 0.62; ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide)(IX) R_(f) 0.54; sphingosine-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide) R_(f) 0.46 (1:3:1 (v/v/v) dichloromethane/ethanol/water including 1% (v/v) Py).

¹H NMR of ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide) (IX) (700 MHz, [D₂]H₂O/[D₄]CH₃OH 2:1, 30° C.): δ 5.769 (m, 1H; CH═), 5.454 (m, 1H; ═CH), under water (NHCH of biotin-S-oxide), 4.721 (dd, J=8.9, 5.5 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin-S-oxide), 4.331-3.897 (total 36H; 4 CH₂COO, 12 NCH₂CO, CH₂O, CHN, ═C—CH—O), 3.639 (d, J=13.5, 1.9 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin-S-oxide), 3.446-3.344 (m, 7H; NCH₂CH₂N, CH₂N of β-Ala and NHCHCH of biotin-S-oxide), 3.219 (dd, J=13.5, 6.7 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin-S-oxide), 2.536 (broad t, 2H; CH₂CO of β-Ala), 2.394 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H; COCH₂ of biotin-S-oxide), 2.208 (broad t, 2H; COCH₂ of stearoyl), 2.030 (m, 2H; ═C—CH₂), 1.901 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH ₂ of stearoyl), 1.734 and 1.593 (m, 6H; 3CH₂ of biotin-S-oxide), 1.304 (broad s, 50H; 25CH₂), 0.902 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H; CH₃), 0.894 (broad t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H; CH₃) ppm.

MALDI TOF mass-spectrum of ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide) (IX) (C₈₄H1₄₀N₁₈O₂₈S, MW=1881). M/z 1882: M+H; 1904: MNa+H; 1920: MK+H; 1926: MNa₂+H; 1942: MNaK+H; 1948: MNa₃+H; 1964: MKNa₂+H; 1970: MNa₄+H; 1986: MKNa₃+H; 1992: MNa₄+Na; 2008: MNa₄+K. Instrument: FLEX-PC, DHB matrix.

To a stirred solution of ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot(S-oxide) (IX) (20.5 mg, 10.89 μmol) in a water (1.314 mL) N-methyl-mercaptoacetamide (373 μL) was added and the mixture kept for 69 hours at 40° C. The reaction mixture was placed on a Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 90 mL) and eluted with 2:1 (v/v) water/2-propanol including 0.03 M acetic acid and 0.06 M Py). Fractions containing pure ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (X) were combined, evaporated and the residue thoroughly dried in vacuum. The residue was dissolved in water (1 mL), titrated to pH 6.5 with 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate and freeze-dried. The yield of ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (X) as a white solid was 15.8 mg (74%). TLC: R_(f) 0.64 (1:3:1 (v/v/v) dichloromethane/ethanol/water).

¹H NMR of ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (X) (700 MHz, [D₂]H₂O/[D₄]CH₃OH 2:1, 30° C.): δ 5.764 (m, 1H; CH═), 5.443 (m, 1H; ═CH), 4.603 (dd, J=7.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H;

NHCH of biotin), 4.423 (dd, J=7.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin), 4.312-3.964 (total 36H; 4 CH₂COO, 12 NCH₂CO, CH₂O, CHN and ═C—CH—O), 3.444-3.352 (m, 6H; NCH₂CH₂N and CH₂N of β-Ala), 3.313 (m, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.997 (dd, J=12.9, 4.8 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.778 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.552 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H; CH₂CO of β-Ala), 2.365 (m, 2H; COCH₂ of biotin), 2.206 (broad t, 2H; COCH₂ of stearoyl), 2.039 (m, 2H; ═C—CH₂), 1.759, 1.691, 1.601, 1.558 and 1.469 (m, total 8H; 6H of biot and COCH₂CH ₂ of stearoyl), 1.390 (m, 2H; ═C—C—CH₂), 1.299 (m, 48H; 24 CH₂), 0.905 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 3H; CH₃), 0.895 (broad t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H; CH₃) ppm.

MALDI TOF mass-spectrum of ceramide-β-Ala-CMG(2)-biot (X) (C₈₄H₁₄₀N₁₈O₂₇S, MW=1865). M/z 1866: M+H; 1888: M+Na; 1904: M+K; 1910: MNa+Na; 1926: MNa+K; 1932: MNa₂+Na; 1948: MNa₂+K; 1954: MNa₃+Na; 1970: MNa₃+K; 1976: MNa₄+Na. Instrument: FLEX-PC, DHB matrix.

Derivatives of Sphingolipid Analogues

Sphingolipid analogues comprising a 2-(alkyl)alkyl membrane anchor, e.g. 2-(teradecyl)hexadecyl, are mimetics of the ceramide conjugates that retain the advantageous property of being dispersible in water. In preferred embodiments of these structural mimetics, the fully saturated dialkyl alcohol 2-(tetradecyl)hexadecanol is substituted for the acylated sphingosine of ceramide. A sphingolipid analogue where the functional moiety is biotin has been prepared according to Scheme 2.

The amine (XV) is prepared according to the method described in the publication of Bovin et al (2009). The preparation of the β-Ala derivative (XIV) was found to be necessary to provide a succinimidyl carbonate that would react with the amine (XV). The intermediate (XII) was found to be reactive towards β-Ala, but not the amine (XV).

The preparation of glycosphingolipid analogues according to Scheme 3 is also anticipated. In both schemes it will be recognised that a range of sphingolipid analogues may be prepared using homologues of 2-(tetradecyl)hexadecanol. Homologues comprising alkyl chains of a length comparable with that of ceramide are preferred.

Preparation of a Sphingolipid Analogue (XVI)

To a stirred solution of 2-(tetradecyl)hexadecanol (XI) (Katayama Chemical Industries Co., Limited) (15.3 mg, 34.87 μmol) in a mixture of dichloromethane (1 mL) and dimethylformamide (0.6 mL) a solution of DSC (71.5 mg, 279 μmol) in dimethylformamide (0.893 mL) and triethylamine (19.4 μL, 139 μmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 24 hours at ambient temperature and then the reaction mixture acidified with acetic acid (96 μL) before being placed on a Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 90 mL) and eluted with 2:1 (v/v) trichloromethane/2-propanol plus 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid. Fractions containing the intermediate (XII) were combined, evaporated and the residue dried in vacuum. The yield of the intermediate (XII) as a white solid was 19.1 mg (94%). TLC: R_(f) 0.35 (15:5:1 (v/v/v) hexane/trichloromethane/2-propanol).

To a stirred solution of the intermediate (XII) (19.1 mg, 32.94 μmol) in a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane (1 mL) and dimethylformamide (2 mL) a volume of 106 μL of a 100 mg/mL solution of β-Ala (10.6 mg, 119 μmol) with 86 μL/mL trifluoroacetic acid in DMSO and triethylamine (66 μL, 475 μmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 17 hours at ambient temperature before being acidified with acetic acid (60 μL) and evaporated with 5 mL of 2-propanol to a minimum volume. The sample was placed on a Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 90 mL) and eluted with 2:1 (v/v) trichloromethane/2-propanol plus 0.5 M Py.AcOH. Fractions containing the intermediate (XIII) were combined, evaporated and the residue dried in vacuum. The yield of the intermediate (XIII) as a white solid was 17.4 mg (95%). TLC: R_(f) 0.38 (2:4:1 (v/v/v) hexane/trichloromethane/2-propanol). ¹H NMR of intermediate (XIII) (700 MHz, [D]CHCl₃/[D₄]CH₃OH 1:1, 30° C.): δ 4.098 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H; CH₂O), 3.549 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H; CH₂N of β-Ala), 2.684 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H; CH₂CO of β-Ala), 1.766 (m, 1H; OCH₂CH), 1.433 (m, 52H; 26 CH₂), 1.046, (t, J=7.1 Hz, 6H; 2 CH₃) ppm.

To a stirred solution of the intermediate (XIII) (11.3 mg, 20.4 μmol) in a mixture of 1,2-dichloroethane (1 mL) and dimethylformamide (0.35 mL) a 131 μL volume of a 80 mg/mL solution of DSC (10.5 mg, 41 μmol) in dimethylformamide and triethylamine (4.3 μL, 31 μmol) were added. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours at ambient temperature and the reaction mixture acidified with acetic acid (100 μL). The acidified mixture was placed on Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 90 mL) and eluted with 2:1 (v/v) trichloromethane/2-propanol plus 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid. Fractions containing the activated intermediate (XIV) were combined, evaporated and the residue dried in vacuum. The yield of the activated intermediate (XIV) as a white solid was 12.7 mg (96%). TLC: R_(f)=0.72 (2:4:1 (v/v/v) hexane/trichloromethane/2-propanol).

To a stirred suspension of the amine (XV) (22.3 mg, 17.56 μmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (1.5 mL) a solution of the activated intermediate (XIV) (12.7 mg, 19.51 μmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.25 mL), water (0.35 mL) and 1 M aqueous sodium bicarbonate (35.2 μL) were added, and the mixture stirred for 5 hours at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was acidified with acetic acid (3 μL), evaporated with 3 mL of 1:1 (v/v) 2-propanol/water to a minimum volume and placed on a Sephadex LH-20 column (volume 90 mL). The column was eluted with 1:2 (v/v) 2-propanol/water plus 3% (v/v) dichloromethane and 0.3% (v/v) Py by volume). Fractions containing the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) were combined, evaporated and the residue thoroughly dried in vacuum. The residue was dissolved in water (1 mL), titrated to pH 6.5 with 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate and freeze-dried. The yield of the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) as a white solid was 29.2 mg (91% based on the amine (XV)). TLC: R_(f) 0.61 (2:6:1 (v/v/v) trichloromethane/methanol/water). ¹H NMR of the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) (see FIG. 1) (700 MHz, 1:1 (v/v)[D2]H₂O/[D4]CH₃OH, 30° C.): δ 4.590 (dd, J=7.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin), 4.408 (dd, J=7.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H; NHCH of biotin), 4.293-3.917 (total 34H; 4 CH₂COO, 12 NCH₂CO, CH₂O), 3.428-3.343 (m, 6H; NCH₂CH₂N and CH₂N of β-Ala), 3.302 (m, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.993 (dd, J=12.9, 5.0 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.767 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H; NHCHCH of biotin), 2.546 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H; CH₂CO of β-Ala), 2.359 (m, 2H; COCH₂ of biotin), 1.768, (m, 1H; COCH₂CH₂CH₂CH of biotin), 1.695 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH ₂CH₂CH₂ of biotin), 1.609 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH₂CH₂CH of biotin and OCH₂CH), 1.468 (m, 2H; COCH₂CH₂CH ₂CH₂ of biotin), 1.312 (m, 52H; 26 CH₂), 0.919, (t, J=7.0 Hz, 6H; 2 CH₃) ppm. MALDI TOF mass-spectrum of the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) (see FIG. 2) (C₇₈H₁₃₁N₁₇O₂₅S, MW=1739). M/z 1740: M+H; 1762; MNa+H; 1778: MK+H; 1784: MNa₂+H; 1800: MNaK+H; 1806: MNa₃+H; 1822: MKNa₂+H. Instrument: FLEX-PC, DHB matrix.

Avidinylated functional moieties may be conjugated to the ceramide conjugate (X) or the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) under biocompatible conditions exploiting non-covalent avidin-biotin binding. Alternatively, it is anticipated that ceramide conjugates and sphingolipid analogues may be prepared by covalent attachment of the functional moiety. For example, it is anticipated that glycosphingolipid analogues may be prepared according to Scheme 3. In accordance with this scheme equimolar amounts of the activated β-Ala derivative (XIV) and the diamine (XVII) are reacted to provide the membrane anchor (XVIII). The membrane anchor (XVIII) is then reacted with an activated saccharide, such as the N-succimidyl carbamate of a 3-aminopropylglycoside (XIX).

A non-limiting example of a 3-aminopropylglycoside (XIX) is 3-aminopropyl-α-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,3)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside (Galα3Galβ4GlcNAcβ-). This 3-aminopropylglycoside may be prepared according to Scheme 4.

The glycosyl acceptor (3-trifluoroacetamidopropyl)-2-acetamido-3-O-acetyl-6-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-4-O-(2,4-di-O-acetyl-6-O-benzyl-(3-D-galactopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (XXII) was prepared according to the method disclosed in the publication of Pazynina et al (2008). A mixture of the glycosyl acceptor (XXII) (500 mg, 0.59 mmol), thiogalactopyranoside (XXI) (576 mg, 1.18 mmol), NIS (267 mg, 1.18 mmol), anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (25 ml) and molecular sieves 4 Å (500 mg) was stirred at −45° C. for 30 min under an atmosphere of Ar. A solution of TfOH (21 μl, 0.236 mmol) in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 ml) was then added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at −45° C. and the temperature was then increased to −20° C. over 4 h. The mixture was kept at −20° C. overnight. Then extra amounts of thiogalactopyranoside (XXI)(144 mg, 0.295 mmol), NIS (66 mg, 0.295 mmol) and TfOH (5 μl, 0.06 mmol) were added and the stirring maintained at −20° C. for 2 h before being allowed to slowly warm up to r.t. (1 h). A saturated aqueous solution of Na₂S₂O₃ was then added and the mixture filtered. The filtrate was diluted with CHCl₃ (300 ml), washed with H₂O (2×100 ml), dried by filtration through cotton wool, and concentrated. Gel filtration on LH-20 (CHCl₃-MeOH) afforded the product (XXIII) (600 mg, 80%), as a white foam.

¹H NMR (700 MHz, CDCl₃, characteristic signals), δ, ppm: 1.78-1.82 (m, 4H, CHCHC, OC(O)CH₃), 1.84-1.90 (m, 1H, CHCHC), 1.91, 1.94, 1.97, 1.98, 2.06 (5 s, 5×3H, 4 OC(O)CH₃, NH(O)CH₃), 3.23-3.30 (m, 1H, NCHH), 3.59-3.65 (m, 1H, NCHH), 4.05 (m, 1H, H-2¹), 4.33 (d, 1H, J_(1,2) 7.55, H-1^(I)), 4.40 (d, 1H, J 12.04, PhCHH), 4.42 (d, 1H, J_(1,2) 8.07, H-1^(II)), 4.45 (d, 1H, J 11.92, PhCHH), 4.48 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.50 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.52 (d, 1H, J 12.04, PhCHH), 4.54 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.57 (d, 1H, J 12.00, PhCHH), 4.64 (d, 1H, J 11.92, PhCHH), 4.99 (dd≈t, 1H, J 8.24, H-2^(II)), 5.08-5.13 (m, 2H, H-3^(I), H-3^(III)), 5.23 (d, 1H, J_(1,2) 3.31, H-1^(III)), 5.46 (d, 1H, J_(3,4) 2.25, H-4^(II)), 5.54 (d, 1H, J_(3,4) 3.11, H-4^(III)), 7.20-7.40 (m, 20H, ArH); 7.49-7.54 (m, 1H, NHC(O)CF₃). R_(f) 0.4 (PhCH₃—AcOEt, 1:2).

The product (XXIII) (252 mg, 0.198 mmol) was deacetylated according to Zemplen (8 h, 40° C.), neutralized with AcOH and concentrated. The TLC (CH₃Cl-MeOH, 10:1) analysis of the obtained product showed two spots: the main spot with R_(f) 0.45, and another one on the start line (ninhydrin positive spot) that was an indication of partial loss of trifluoroacetyl. Therefore, the product was N-trifluoroacetylated by treatment with CF₃COOMe (0.1 ml) and Et₃N (0.01 ml) in MeOH (10 ml) for 1 h, concentrated and subjected to column

chromatography on silica gel (CHCl₃-MeOH, 15:1) to afford the product (XXIV) as a white foam (163 mg, 77%), R_(f) 0.45 (CH₃Cl-MeOH, 10:1). The product (XXIV) was subjected to hydrogenolysis (200 mg Pd/C, 10 ml MeOH, 2 h), filtered, N-defluoroacetylated (5% Et₃N/H₂O, 3 h) and concentrated. Cation-exchange chromatography on Dowex 50X4-400 (H⁺) (elution with 5% aqueous ammonia) gave the product (XXV) (90 mg, 98%) as a white foam.

¹H NMR (D₂O, characteristic signals), δ, ppm: 1.94-1.98 (m, 2H, CCH₂C), 2.07 (s, 3H, NHC(O) CH₃), 3.11 (m, J 6.92, 2H, NCH₂), 4.54 and 4.56 (2d, 2H, J_(1,2)8.06, J_(1,2) 7.87, H-1^(I) and H-1^(II)), 5.16 (d, 1H, J_(1,2) 3.87, H-1^(III)). R_(f) 0.3 (EtOH-BuOH-Py-H₂O—AcOH; 100:10:10:10:3). Although the foregoing schemes are illustrated referencing the use of DSC the use of other homo-bifunctional cross-linkers such as disuccinimidylglutarate, disuccinimidyladipate and disuccinimidylpimelate is also contemplated.

Biology

Ceramide Conjugates

Incorporation of a Ceramide Conjugates into Cell Membranes

A 50 μL volume of packed red blood cells was re-suspended in an equal volume of a dispersion in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2) of the ceramide conjugate (X). The re-suspended cells were incubated at 37° C. for two hours and then washed once with PBS. The modified cells were diluted with PBS to provide a suspension at a concentration equivalent to 5% of the packed cell volume. A 30 μL volume of the diluted suspension was then mixed with an equal volume of a 0.1 mg/mL solution of Avidin Alexa Flour™ 488 in PBS. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes before washing and re-suspending the modified cells in PBS. The fluorescence of cells in a 5 μL volume was observed using a microscope (Olympus BX51) at 400× magnification. Photomicrographs (1.903 seconds exposure time) are presented in FIG. 3.

The modified cells prepared using dispersions of the ceramide conjugate (X) at different concentrations (0 (control), 0.5, 5 and 50 μM) were scored. The results are presented in Table 1.

The observations form fluorescent labelling of the modified cells confirmed that both the ceramide conjugate (X) and the construct designated biotin-CMG(2)-Ad-DOPE spontaneously incorporated into cell membranes.

TABLE 1 Comparison of the fluorescence scores observed for red blood cells modified to incorporate either the ceramide conjugate (X) or the construct designated biotin-CMG(2)- Ad-DOPE from the publication of Bovin et al (2009). Fluorescence score Concentration (μM) ceramide conjugate biotin-CMG(2)-Ad-DOPE 0 0  — 0.5 0 to 1+ 0  5 1+ 2+ 50 2 to 3+ 3+

Derivatives of Sphingolipid Analogues

Incorporation of a Sphingolipid Analogue into Cell Membranes

A 50 μL volume of packed red blood cells was re-suspended in an equal volume of a dispersion in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.2) of the sphingolipid analogue (XVI). The re-suspended cells were incubated at 37° C. for two hours and then washed once with PBS. The modified cells were diluted with PBS to provide a suspension at a concentration equivalent to 5% of the packed cell volume. A 30 μL volume of the diluted suspension was then mixed with an equal volume of a 0.1 mg/mL solution of Avidin Alexa Flour™ 488 in PBS. The mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes before washing and re-suspending the modified cells in PBS. The fluorescence of cells in a 5 μL volume was observed using a microscope (Olympus BX51) at 400× magnification. Photomicrographs (1.903 seconds exposure time) are presented in FIG. 3.

The modified cells prepared using dispersions of the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) at different concentrations (0 (control), 0.5, 5 and 50 μM) were scored. The results are presented in Table 2.

Modified cells prepared using either the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) or the construct designated biotin-CMG(2)-Ad-DOPE from the publication of Bovin et al (2009) were indistinguishable.

Although the invention has been described with reference to embodiments or examples it should be appreciated that variations and modifications may be made to these embodiments or examples without departing from the scope of the invention. Where known equivalents exist to specific elements, features or integers, such equivalents are incorporated as if specifically referred to in this specification. Variations and modifications to the embodiments or

TABLE 2 Comparison of the fluorescence scores observed for red blood cells modified to incorporate either the sphingolipid analogue (XVI) or the construct designated biotin-CMG(2)-Ad-DOPE from the publication of Bovin et al (2009). Fluorescence score Concentration (μM) sphingolipid analogue biotin-CMG(2)-Ad-DOPE 0 — — 0.5 0  0  5 2+ 2+ 50 3+ 3+ examples that include elements, features or integers disclosed in and selected from the referenced publications are within the scope of the invention unless specifically disclaimed. The advantages provided by the invention and discussed in the description may be provided in the alternative or in combination in these different embodiments of the invention.

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1. A ceramide conjugate of the structure:

where F is H or comprises a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R is selected from the group consisting of C₁₄₋₁₈ alkyl or alkenyl.
 2. The conjugate of claim 1 where F is selected from the group consisting of:

where q is the integer 2, 3 or 4, r is the integer 3, 4 or 5 and Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond.
 3. The conjugate of claim 2 where conjugate is of the structure:


4. The conjugate of claim 2 where conjugate is of the structure:

and Glyc is an aminoalkyltrisaccharide of the structure:


5. A method of preparing an intermediate of the structure:

comprising the step of reacting 2-N3,3-Bzl-spingosine-β-Ala-ONSu, or a homologue thereof, of the structure:

with an amine of the structure:

where F is a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R is selected from the group consisting of C₁₁₋₁₅ alkyl or alkenyl.
 6. A method of preparing a ceramide conjugate comprising the step of N-acylation of a 1-carbamate derivative of 2-amino-4-octadecen-3-ol with an activated fatty acid.
 7. The method of claim 6 where the activated fatty acid is the N-oxysuccinimide ester of the fatty acid.
 8. The method of claim 6 where the fatty acid is stearic acid.
 9. The method of claim 6 where the 1-carbamate derivative of 2-amino-4-octadecen-3-ol is of the structure:

where F is H or comprises a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or
 3. 10. The method of claim 9 where F is selected from the group consisting of:

where q is the integer 2, 3 or 4, r is the integer 3, 4 or 5 and Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond.
 11. The method of claim 9 where n and p are each the integer
 2. 12. A 2-branched fatty alkyl derivative of the structure:

where M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₁₋₁₅ alkyl.
 13. A water dispersible conjugate of the structure:

where F comprises a functional moiety, M is a monovalent cation, n is the integer 1, 2, 3 or 4, p is the integer 1, 2 or 3 and R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₁₋₁₅ alkyl.
 14. The conjugate of claim 13 where F is selected from the group consisting of:

where q is the integer 2, 3 or 4, r is the integer 3, 4 or 5 and Glyc is a mono-, di-, tri- or oligosaccharide linked via a glycosidic bond.
 15. The conjugate of claim 14 of the structure:


16. The conjugate of claim 14 of the structure:

and Glyc is an aminoalkyltrisaccharide of the structure: 